Additional Family Resources

Lakind and Atkins specifically touch on poverty and its impact on parenting. A journal article called "Promoting Positive Parenting for Families in Poverty: New directions for Improved Reach and Engagement," says that marginalization can be found in multiple areas besides SES: housing, employment, and education. Deficits in these areas can cause a domino effect and impact a family's overall well-being.

Food Insecurity

Food insecurity is significantly associated with (Johnson & Markowitz, 2018)
- Poorer maternal physical health
- Increased depressive symptoms
- Use of harsh discipline strategies
- Greater frequency and negativity of conflict between parents

Housing

Inadequate housing services can further cause stress and can compromise attentional and decision-making capacity (Lakind & Atkins, 2018).
Parental stress can affect their child’s physical, cognitive, and social development (Morris et al., 2017).
Inadequate housing services can exacerbate the scarcity of time and resources that impoverished people have (Lakind & Atkins, 2018).

Employment

Employment issues present additional strains on parenting especially if it is a single-parent household (Lakind & Atkins, 2018).
Employment challenges have evidence for negative behavioral outcomes in children (Lakind & Atkins, 2018).
The study found a high correlation between income, education attainment, and occupational status with parenting and child well-being (Conger & Donnellan, 2007).

Parent support

Social support buffers the relationship between low-SES and stress, which is correlated to physical and mental health, coping, emotion regulation, and self-efficacy. (Lee et al., 2006)
researchers found that 83 of the 100 social support programs reviewed were more effective than no help or controls (Hogan et al., 2002)